Level I

Chapter 9
Listening Speaking

English | Vietnamese Section

English | Vietnamese
IC3, IT, TOEFL, Best Answer
Self- and Teacher Evaluation

Topic:Art and Culture—Foreign Influences: Good or Bad?

Văn hoá và Nghệ thuật

Guiding Question

Which traditions and customs have shaped your culture?

 Câu hỏi hướng dẫn:

Những truyền thống và phong tục tập quán nào định hình nền văn hoá nước bạn?

Skills:

 In this chapter you will do these things:

English Language Skills:

• Glossary Explanation
• How to Give an Oral Research Presentation
• Comparing Eastern and Western styles of Oral Research Presentation
• Listening to a sample Oral Research Presentation (as per student assignment)
• Analyzing for the organization of the presentation
• Choosing a Topic for an Oral Research Presentation

Vietnamese Language Skills:

• Cultural Notes: Tết
• Lunar New Year Vocabulary
• Possessive with “Của”

English Language Lesson

Back to Top

Introductory Motivation and Focus:

Art Influences

One of the great fears about the globalization of today is that we will lose something. There is fear that traditions, ways of life, values and ways of thinking may be lost. But artists around the world want to be exposed to other art and other artists. We talk about what “influences” the artist—how Western artists are influenced by Eastern art and Eastern artists are influenced by Western art. Is such influence good or bad?

Consider the following:

Every aspect of Vietnamese culture echoes with a spirit of resilience and survival, utilizing any and all natural resources to overcome obstacles and stay true to their spirit.

Their art is no exception. Although it may seem to be a newcomer in the international art scene, it has over three thousand years of expression and has recently been attracting worldwide attention.

The Ecole Nationale Superieure des Beaux Arts d'Indochine was established by the French in Hanoi in 1925 and introduced painters to realism and symbolism. But the path to contemporary art stems from the themes of village life. The motifs and traditional style found in pagodas, temples and antique porcelain exist in an entirely modern way. Art Critic Jeffrey Hantover has written: "Through tradition, Vietnamese artists could be patriotic and modernist at the same time, could pay homage to their cultural past while expressing their own personal visions."

Vietnamese art has its own identity and character that draws on a rich and varied history, as well as assimilating influences of French, Chinese, Cham and regional folk art. Since 1989, there has been a steady stream of tourists able to witness the explosion of the art scene and they have provided a strong market for the young artists who are passionate about their work.

In recent years more artists have been invited abroad to show their work, while dealers from around the world have paid attention to the surge of interest from buyers and collectors in Hong Kong, Singapore, France and America. Traveling museum exhibits have also contributed to their reputations.

(From: http://www.thingsasian.com/goto_artist/art_guide.htm)

For Discussion: Look at the artwork below from contemporary Vietnamese artists and the art of well-known European artists from early to mid 1900s. Following the pictures are commentaries by Americans involved in the arts on contemporary Vietnamese art. You may want to read their comments while viewing the pictures. Then discuss these questions:

1. Do you see any influences of European art on Vietnamese art?
2. What aspects of the Vietnamese art is influenced from Vietnamese traditions?
3. What other influences or exposures would the Vietnamese artists have?
4. Do such influences make Vietnamese art unique?

Le Thiet Cuong, Rising Buffalo	Marc Chagall, Au Dessus De La Ville
Dang Xuan Hoa, Homeless	Pablo Picasso, Acrobat
Dang-Xuan-Hoa, Man's Objects With Black & White Cat	Henri Matisse, Dahlias

About Vietnamese Art:  

C. David Thomas
Director, Indochina Arts Project, Newton Centre, Massachusetts.

For those of us living in the United States trained in the western art traditions, there is something both familiar and mysterious about Vietnamese contemporary art. Vietnamese arts have, in their own unique way, incorporated into their paintings much of their 4,000 year history as well as that which the French brought to them during this century. This combination makes contemporary Vietnamese art some of the most exciting currently being made anywhere in the world.

Sherry L. Goodman
Curator for Education, University of California at Berkeley, University Art Museum.

A startling freshness and depth of vision mark the best of the new Vietnamese painting. Imbued with an almost hallucinatory sense of place, contemporary Vietnamese art often seems to be made directly from the dust and depths of the countryside itself. Equally, it bears a deeply-felt sense of the past, whose accumulated force we feel right beneath the surface of this powerful new art of the present.

David Chamberlain
First American to serve in Vietnam as Interactive Artist in Residence, Boston, Massachusetts.

The studios of Vietnamese artists are cooking. Artists are chomping at the bit, eagerly exploring multiple approaches and directions from a multitude of influences: Local, Regional, Asian, Western. So much to work with, so much change, so quickly, so long awaited...so much happening. This momentum is leading to a century's worth of imagery...this decade. As in many cultures, Vietnam's artists are the visionaries; the philosophers; the prophets whose time, now, has come.

From: http://www.thingsasian.com/goto_artist/art_guide.htm

A blend of Eastern and Western influences distinguishes Vietnamese contemporary art. Conscious of their rich cultural heritage, Vietnamese artists incorporate the spiritual, spatial, and mythological traditions of their homeland.

Western influence dates to the time of French colonization. A classmate of Matisse, Victor Tardieu, in 1925, helped establish the Ecole des Beaux-Arts de l’Indochine in Hanoi, and Western artistic techniques and media were first introduced to Vietnamese art students. Today, Vietnamese painters acknowledge the classic academic training the Ecole and subsequent art schools provided.

A vibrant artistic community has developed, largely in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, and Hue, which celebrates the diversity and creativity of these painters’ work. Vietnamese artists, long recognized at home and in France, increasingly are gaining international recognition.

From:http://www.artnet.com/Galleries/About.asp?G=&gid=77290&which=&rta=http://www.artnet.com

Vocabulary:A Glossary

According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dctionary: http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/glossary

Main Entry: glos·sa·ry
Pronunciation: -s&-rE
Function: noun
Inflected Form(s): plural-ries
: a collection of textual glosses or of specialized terms with their meanings

A glossary of visual arts terms has been compiled. Look to the Appendices section of this curriculum for visual arts terms.

Study Skill A:

How to Give an Oral Report

In North American classrooms, students are often expected to express themselves in front of a big group of people—perhaps in the classroom or other gatherings at school or in presentations to groups for purposes of gathering information or entertainment. So preparation to present in front of a large group is taught in schools as speeches or oral reports or presentations.

For Discussion: Before learning about a Western style of presenting oral reports, talk about what are the characteristics of good oral presentation in a Vietnamese setting. Think about the physical characteristics: consider loudness of voice, posture, appearance, eye contact and hand gestures. Think also about the content of what is said: how is the topic introduced? How are the main points made? Are there things that must be said to be polite? Is there a summary? How long should a presentation be? After you learn about the Western style of presenting reports, you will have the opportunity to discuss further the differences and similarities between Vietnamese and North American styles of presenting.

In the writing chapters of this curriculum, students have been learning how to write a composition. Much of what one does to prepare for an oral report is similar to writing a composition. Consider these similarities:

• Choose a subject that is interesting to you. What do you care about? What would you like to learn more about? Follow your interests, and you'll find your topic.

• Be clear about your purpose. Do you want to persuade your audience? Inform them about a topic? Or just tell an entertaining story?

• An oral report also has the same three basic parts as a written report.

• The introduction should "hook" your audience. Catch their interest with a question, a dramatic tale or a personal experience that relates to your topic.
• The body is the main part of your report, and will use most of your time. Make an outline of the body so that you can share information in an organized way.
• The conclusion is the time to summarize and get across your most important point. What do you want the audience to remember?

1. Research Your Topic and Be Well Organized. Think about planning, preparation, and structure. To avoid a rambling, stream-of-consciousness talk that goes nowhere, take the time and effort to plan your presentation, put it into an orderly shape, and learn it well enough that it can be delivered effectively. Know your subject and be well organized.

• Research your topic in the same way you would research to write a paper: use books, articles and journals, the internet, interviews, etc.
• Generate your ideas with brainstorming techniques and then organize the ideas much like you organize a composition.
• Limit your topicand focus on the main idea
• Be credible by providing support for your information and be accurate with quotations, names, dates and facts.
• Provide examples —tell anecdotes and add humor.
• Make an outline of what you want to say.

If you know your subject well, you will be more confident when you speak and you will be able to answer questions. If your presentation is organized, the audience will find it informative and easy to listen to. When making an oral presentation in class, you must know your subject well and convince your audience that they have something to gain from listening to you.

2. Think About Your Audience. Too much information in an oral presentation may be overwhelming and boring. Too little information may be confusing. Organize your outline around your main points and focus on getting those ideas across to your audience. Tailor your presentation to your audience’s level of knowledge about the subject of your presentation, what they need to know, and their interests.

3. Be Prepared and Use Good Communication Skills. Practice your presentation until you feel comfortable. Make sure you can present your information within whatever time limits you will have. Anticipate questions you may be asked and prepare answers to these. To communicate well, be sure that you:

• stand up straight
• speak loudly, clearly and use your voice effectively by varying your tone (if you are nervous, you might speak too fast—take a deep breath and slow down)
• dress seriously so that you will be taken seriously
• don’t read your presentation—use notes to prompt and remind you, but talk to the audience
• pause between ideas and do not speak overly fast (or too slow)
• make eye contact with the audience (to Western audiences this shows that you are confident and the audience will be better listeners)
• use your time well
• use visual aids
• gesture and move around some (your body language can enhance what you say and keep the audience interested—lean forward at key moments and use your hands and arms for emphasis)
• enthusiasm is contagious—show that you are interested in your topic

A good way to understand why preparing adequately is important is to think about what makes a terrible presentation:

reading the whole thing from a script, or worse, rambling off the top of the head

• mumbling through
• saying "um" a lot
• speaking too fast
• speaking without pauses
• looking down, not making eye contact
• standing in one place, holding the lectern with a death grip
• never gesturing or looking alive

If you think about it, you will see that these errors are all caused by a lack of planning, preparation, and structure. Planning your talk, rehearsing it to become familiar with it, practicing your enunciation and volume, organizing until the presentation is clear and logically structured--these steps will help you deliver a good presentation.

4. Rehearse! Practicing your report is a key to success. At first, some people find it helpful to go through the report alone. You might practice in front of a mirror. Then, try out your report in front of a practice audience-friends or family. Ask your practice audience:

• Could you follow my presentation?
• Did I seem knowledgeable about my subject?
• Was I speaking clearly? Could you hear me? Did I speak too fast or too slow?
• If you are using visual aids, such as posters or overhead transparencies, practice using them while you rehearse.
• Also, you might want to time yourself to see how long it actually takes. The time will probably go by faster than you expect.

(Sources: http://www.virtualsalt.com/oralrpt.htm, http://www.how-to-study.com, http://www.factmonster.com/homework/oralreport1.html)

Exercises and Activities for Speaking Skill A:

For Further Discussion: Now that you have been introduced to the Western style of oral presentation, do you find more similarities and/or differences from the Vietnamese style of oral presentation? Make a list of these similarities and differences:

Similarities

Differences

Lecture/Presentation:

This is a lecture on Western influences in Vietnamese art and Japanese influences on European art. This lecture is an example of an oral presentation assignment that will be explained after this lecture/presentation section. You may want to return to this lecture many times in the future as an example of how to do your own presentation. This presentation has visual aids that illustrate points made in the lecture. Use the pictures to further discuss the topic of the lecture.

(transcript)

East Influences West and West Influences East  

Some artists have the reputation of being loners—of being by themselves. Other artists are known to be part of a community of artist often meeting in cafes and tea houses around the world or sharing their craft with others in art schools and studios. But no matter if they are loners or part of a community, we know that artists influence each other and are influenced by others in pursuit of expressing themselves. We speak of globalization as touching every part of our lives today. In fact, artists have been globalized for quite a while. In this lecture, I would like to look at how different parts of the globe have influenced each other. Here I look at how the Vietnamese artists have been influenced by European art and how those same European artists were influenced by Japanese artists.

The urban centers of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are experiencing an art Renaissance: a rebirth of dollars as well as style. How did a country as poor and war-ravaged as Vietnam develop such a vibrant art scene? C. David Thomas, director of the Indochina Arts Project, who has organized exhibitions of Vietnamese art in the U.S., thinks that Vietnamese art sustains its appeal because of a unique style that results from its two influences: its Asian traditions and its colonization by Europeans. “It is a wonderful combination of the mystery of Eastern art and the familiarity of Western art,” Thomas explains. Their influences are war, poverty and France. So to the Western eye, this art is most appealing.

Vietnamese art owes much to the influence of the French, who in 1925 opened the Ecole des Beaux-Arts de l’Indochine in Hanoi. The institution trained Vietnamese artists until it was forced to close down during the 1945 Japanese invasion against the French. Many of these artists struggled to find their own voice as they mastered foreign technique. Some successfully combined traditional art with Western-style painting.*

One of Vietnam’s most revered artists, Nguyen Tu Nghiem, has drawn upon the arts of the village to shape a distinctive modern Vietnamese art. For forty years, he sought inspiration in the country's traditional culture rather than in the art of the west. A trailblazer and model for many Northern artists, young and old, Nghiem's work vividly demonstrates the kinship between traditional Vietnamese culture and the spirit of western modernism. "After I learned about traditional culture, I found it easy to understand Picasso." A student of the first class of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts de l'Indochine, he joined the Resistance forces in 1945 and taught in the Viet Bac Fine Arts College. Though he had learned western techniques at the Ecole, after 1954, Nghiem searched for his own way through the study of Vietnamese culture--temple, pagoda, dinh, and funery sculpture, woodblock prints, the architecture, dance and music of the village. His paintings of village dancers and festivals, national myths and literature, and zodiac figures have captured the immediacy, energy, and innocent exuberance of these village arts.

The twelve animals of the lunar zodiac have been a constant theme in Nghiem's art. Like the woodblock prints made in the village of Dong Ho for Tet (Lunar New Year), Nghiem's animals are blocks of color outlined with thick black lines. His zodiac animals, including this rooster, possess a childlike simplicity and directness, unrestricted in details, Nghiem believes that art should "describe the whole," the feel and emotion of objects and events. **

Look at Box #1: In the center, you see a painting of chickens by Nghiem. To the left is a traditional Dong Ho woodblock print, and to the left is a print by Pablo Picasso. What influences do you see in Nghiem work from Eastern tradition and Western expression? How does he blend East and West in his work?

Box # 1

Dong Ho Print

Nguyen Tu Nghiem.

Pablo Picasso.

We could say, perhaps, that subject matter was influenced by tradition, but certainly, the detail has given in to a free-style of line to capture the feeling of the moment much like the work of Picasso.

Look now to the next box. In Box #2, we see the actual carved woodblock of a Dong Ho print on the top right. To the left of it is a painting by Nghiem of the Zodiac, and below, again, we see prints by Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Could we once again argue that Nghiem is influenced by both, East and West?

Box # 2

Nguyen Tu Nghiem. Animal Kingdom	Dong Ho Woodblock. Rat Wedding
Pablo Picasso. La Guernica. 1937.	Henri Matisse. One Thousand and One Nights.

Again, subject matter for Nghiem is selected from tradition. We could even argue that the flatness and perspective and the outline of the animals in black are influenced by tradition. But at the same time, we can also see that, perhaps, Picasso’s Cubism has some influence. Matisse’s sense of style of time and sequence has similarities to Nghiem’s Animal Kingdom.

Now let us look at Box #3. In the first box we see a traditional Hang Trong picture of gods stirring up the water. To the right we see a Nghiem picture called “Ancient Dance,” and below these two we see paintings by Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso.

Box # 3

Pablo Picasso. Ronde.

Nguyen Tu Nghiem. Ancient Dancers Henri Matisse. The Dance.

Nghiem’s influence over later generations of artists is evident. Dang Xuan Hoa, a member of the Gang of Five, paints in a style reminiscent of Matisse, but he uses such symbols as teacups and folktales. “It might appear to be like a Western painting to a foreigner, but a Vietnamese person can see it is Vietnamese,” says Hoa, who works in Hanoi.*

But one may ask, is not Western art also influenced by Eastern art? The answer is an emphatic YES! Long before the opening of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts de l'Indochine in 1925, artists in Europe were being influenced by the East. In today’s world we are influenced by other parts of the world through the media. In 1867 Europeans were influenced by events such as the World Exposition in Paris, France. The Japanese Pavilion, for example, brought new ideas about fashion and the decorative arts into cosmopolitan society. European women, intrigued by the contrast in East and West, began to carry fans and wear silk kimono-influenced clothing. Furniture, ceramic pottery from the Orient and Japanese gardens became commonplace in many bourgeois homes.

One artist who was fascinated by the Japanese art was Vincent van Gogh. He was intrigued with the color and decorative flatness of Japanese art. As late as 1887, van Gogh made three copies of Japanese woodcut prints based on the work of Hiroshige. Van Gogh’s prints did not attain the smooth colors and textures of the master Japanese artist’s originals, but they did show van Gogh’s attempt to Europeanize Japanese art using his own distinctive style. He was quoted as saying: “I envy the Japanese artists for the incredible neat clarity which all their works have. It is never boring and you never get the impression that they work in a hurry. It is as simple as breathing; they draw a figure with a couple of strokes with such unfailing easiness as if it were as easy as buttoning one’s coat.”***

Let us look at Box #4 where we see in the center, the pieces I referred to earlier—van Gogh’s attempts at copying Japanese woodcuts. On the left we see the Hiroshige prints and on the right we see van Gogh’s distinctive style of painting.

Box # 4

Hiroshige. Ohashi Bridge in the Rain.	Vincent van Gogh. Japonaiserie: Bridge in the Rain	Vincent van Gogh. Starry Night   Vincent van Gogh Cornfield
Hiroshige.Plum Garden	Vincent van Gogh. Japonaiserie: Plum Tree in Bloom	Vincent van Gogh. Tree Blossoms

Other Impressionist artists were influenced by Japanese art as well. Matisse, Monet, Pissarro use the Japanese influences of a sense of dramatic color, large areas of open space, and lines that define shapes, volume and texture.

In Box #5 we find some examples more examples.

Box # 5

Tokokuni. Japanese Woodblock.	Claude Monet Japonaise
Hiroshige. Snow Scene in the Garden of a Daimyo	Gustav Klimt. The Kiss.
Toulouse Lautrec.	Vincent van Gogh.
Hinatsuru.	Mary Cassatt.
Hiroshige. Drum Bridge at Meguro	Camille Pissarro. Winter Scene.

So, who is it that influences? Does East influence West? Does West influence East? Our answer would have to be that each is influenced by the other. And we are better for it. Sometimes the influences by which we are impacted are not by choice as, perhaps, the Vietnamese art students at Ecole des Beaux-Arts de l'Indochine. Or perhaps the influence is by choice as shown in the experimentation of artists in 19 th Century Europe. But ultimately, the influences evolve into art that is one’s own expression of the times which, in turn, adds depth and dimension to culture in general.

(end of transcript)

*compiled from: “Simple Pleasures,” by Tim Larimer, pulled from TIME International, Http://www.saigon.com/~kyanh/archives/vn-gblf/msg00305.html, August 26, 1996, Volume 148, No. 9

**quoted and paraphrased from: http://www.iapone.org/Pages/Nghien_SITES.html

***paraphrased from “Japanese Influences upon Vincent Van Gogh” from http://www.art.unt.edu/ntieva/artcurr/asian/vangogh.htm

Exercises and Activities for Skill A:

Answer the Following Questions:

1. How is this lecture organized? Do you find an introduction, the body and the conclusion?

2. How is the body of the lecture organized?

3. Do the visual aids help you understand what the lecturer is talking about? How?

Lecture/Presentation Assignment:

This presentation was selected because it is about art and some aspect of globalization. Chapter 10 is a chapter about globalization, and this assignment is to be presented when you will be studying Chapter 10.

Your assignment is to prepare a lecture or presentation on something that has been improved on or destroyed by global influences. You are free to select a topic from your field of study or from your own interests. The presentation in this chapter focused on art and how foreign influences have made good art. Your topic may be on agriculture, teaching methods, food preparation, fashion or music. You may want to choose your topic from literary styles, traffic rules, or architecture. The topic you choose is wide open except that you must examine how have foreign influences changed your subject in Vietnam? Or how has Vietnam changed your subject in other countries?

You will prepare a 10-minute presentation on the topic as described above of your choice. You will research the information, organize it, prepare visual aids or hand-outs, and present it to your class.

Some possible topics:

• The Ao Dai has changed fashion around the World. (Show examples) Is this good or bad?
• The Ao Dai is influenced by fashion from Italy. (Show examples) Is this good or bad?
• Rice production is being standardized around the globe. (Show examples) Is this good or bad?
• Vietnamese cuisine is becoming more international. (Show examples) Is this good or bad?
• Film-making has moved beyond Hollywood. (Show examples) Is this good or bad?
• Vietnamese attitudes toward smoking are changing because of positive or negative foreign influence. (Show examples) Is this good or bad?

In your class, think of some other possibilities for topics and list them on the board.

Study Skill B:

Choosing a Topic for an Oral Presentation

Step One: Finding a Subject Area

Think of the oral presentation that you are preparing for as a journey. Every journey must begin with a first step and the first step in this research process is to choose a subject or area of interest. What do you care about? What would you like to learn more about? Follow your interests, and you’ll find your subject. At this point, it is okay to have a very general idea of what you’d like to pursue. For example, you may have interest in cooking, poetry, computer networks, addictions or childhood learning processes. But these subjects are far too broad for one single research project.

Once you have thought of a general subject that you want to explore, your next goal is to narrow the focus of your subject. What is the difference between a subject and a topic? A subject is a general area of interest from which you will choose a topic. A topic is a narrow area of interest that can be addressed in your 10-minute presentation. Often this topic to be researched comes in the form of a question.

Here are some examples:

Subject	Topic	Research Topic Question For Globalization Assignment
cooking	methods of cooking Vietnamese dishes	How have modern cooking appliances changed the ways that Vietnamese dishes are cooked?
fashion	the ao dai	In what ways have ao dai styles changed and what are their influences?
music	Vietnamese musical instruments	What Vietnamese musical instruments have been used in Western music?
smoking habits	Changes in Asian women’s smoking habits	How have Western cigarette advertisements changed Asian women’s smoking habits? Or how has international medical information affected women’s smoking habits?

A research topic should be stated as an open-ended question so that you, the researcher, will be exploring different viewpoints. If you begin your research with conclusions already established, why research? It is only after exploring your topic and gathering evidence and several viewpoints that you can reach your own conclusions and express them in a thesis statement.

If you are unable to come up with a subject area, here are some suggestions that may give you ideas:

• Choose a subject that interests you. The more curiosity you have, the more enthusiasm and motivation you’ll bring to the assignment. This will then be reflected in the quality of your work.

• Browse through books, current magazines and newspapers, surf the internet, and look around you for good ideas. You may find your idea watching people in the market, in a café, or at home.

Step 2: A Preliminary Exploration of your Subject

When you have decided on a general subject area for your research, it is important that you explore various resources to get an idea of what is available to you in that subject area.

Skim through relevant articles and resources available to you online, in books, magazines, and newspapers. What can you find on the subject? Keep track of where you find your information because when you do choose a topic, you will know where to return to for further research and you will keep track of your references to correctly acknowledge and cite information in your final presentation. Preliminary exploration will familiarize yourself with the subject and give you an overview. This will help you make progress toward creating your research question. Preliminary exploration can also make you realize that information is not available in your subject area, and this will give you time to decide on another subject.

Step 3: Limiting Your Subject to a Specific Topic

Now that you have an overview of your subject, have resources at hand, and have been reading and exploring the subject, you should begin to have some ideas of a topic for your research presentation. Be careful not to choose a topic too big or too small. A good guideline to follow is that if there are entire books written about your topic, it is probably too big a topic for a 10-minute presentation. But if your topic can be covered in a few paragraphs, then it is too small.

When you phrase your research question, begin with the words, “how” or “why.” This usually opens up the question for different perspectives and more ideas. Words like “who,” “where,” or “when” tend to limit the question too much. “What” can be acceptable or unacceptable depending on the rest of the sentence. For example, a limited “what” question can be “What percentage of women in Vietnam started smoking because of foreign cigarette advertisements?” A broader “what” question may be: “What effect does foreign cigarette advertising have on Vietnamese women?”

(source and paraphrase from: http://smccd.net/accounts/karas/english/choosing.html)

Exercises and Activities for Listening Study Skill B:

Choose Your Topic

1. Step One: Choose a subject area that interests you.

2. Step Two: Do a preliminary exploration of what resources are available to you on this subject.

3. Step Three: Narrow the subject to a topic. Write a research questions for your topic.

4. In small groups, each person read their research questions. Discuss these questions as topics that are good, too narrow or too big.

5. Select which question you think is best for your research oral presentation. Hand in your question to your teacher. Your teacher should give you feedback on this question.

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