English Language Lesson

Activity 1: Brainstorm . In Small Groups of 4 or 5, brainstorm words and phrases that come to mind when HIV/AIDS is spoken. Write the words in the box below. If you do not have the vocabulary to do this English, write it in your first language

HIV/AIDS

 Activity 2: Categorize your Words and Phrases: Below is a chart in four columns. Take each of the words and phrases that you wrote in the box and put them into the categories listed below. Your group can discuss and come to agreements for the categories the words should be listed under.

• Fact is something that has been scientifically proven to be true.
• Myth is something that is not true, but many people believe it is true. It has not been proven to be true scientifically.
• Emotion are words that show feeling—that come from the heart like “sad” or “pity”.
• Prejudice is judging someone based on outside appearance or occupation.
• Something Else is for words and phrases that do not fit in any of the other categories.

Fact	Myth	Emotion	Prejudice	Something Else

Activity 3: What do you know about HIV/AIDS?

Discussion: In groups of 4 or 5, answer the questions that follow. After the questions are some vocabulary words that may help you in your discussion. Find a Glossary of TermsRelated to HIV/AIDS in the Appendix.

1. What is HIV?
2. How do people become infected with HIV?
3. How can people prevent becoming infected with HIV/AIDS?
4. What does someone with HIV/AIDS look like?
5. Can HIV/AIDS be cured?
6. How do people find out if they have HIV?
7. Where did you get your information about HIV/AIDS? How did/do you learn about it?
8. In Vietnamese society, how is a person with the disease treated and perceived by the culture?

After you have answered the questions, look in the box below to see if you have answered the questions sufficiently. How would you add or change your answers?

The Facts What is HIV and AIDS? Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV for short) is the virus that causes AIDS. It attacks the body’s immune system, the very system that usually fights off infections. The HIV virus attacks a white blood cell in the immune system called the T-helper or the CD4 cell. Over time, the HIV virus multiplies and kills more and more CD4 cells. When the number of CD4 cells gets really low, the person can’t fight off illnesses. They’re more likely to catch things like pneumonia or tuberculosis, which can then kill them. When a person’s immune system is this weak, they’re said to have acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). How do people get HIV and AIDS? HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk. Most adults and young people become infected with HIV by having sex with an infected person without a condom, or by injecting drugs using a needle that’s been used by an infected person. Unborn babies can get infected with HIV when they’re growing in the womb, during birth, or when they’re breast fed. Can HIV be cured? There is no known cure for HIV or AIDS, but anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) can slow the progression from HIV to AIDS and keep some people healthy for many years. At the moment, just ten per cent of HIV-positive children have access to these drugs; that’s two million children missing out on the drugs that could keep them alive longer. How can people protect themselves against HIV? There are several ways for people to reduce the risk of becoming infected with HIV: for example abstaining from sex or never having unsafe sex. Another way is not to inject drugs. It is important for people to use a condom as this prevents the exchange of bodily fluids, such as semen. Condoms also prevent pregnancy and many sexually transmitted infections. Protection The best weapon against HIV and AIDS is education. All young people should know about HIV, how it is spread and how to protect themselves. Yet millions of young people still don’t know the most basic facts about HIV and prevention. A dramatic example of this comes from Somalia, where a study revealed that only 6 per cent of girls had heard of AIDS and only 1 per cent knew how to avoid infection. Education should include “life skills” to help young people to deal with situations that could be risky. Often, it’s easier to talk about sex to people your own age. Young people all over the world are now becoming “peer educators” so that they can teach other young people about how to protect themselves. Young people also need access to adolescent-friendly health care, where they can get prevention information and services. This should include treatment for sexually-transmitted infections, counseling, condoms, and education on sexual health and risk reduction. Young people also need access to HIV counseling and testing services. Those services should be voluntary and confidential, and should provide lots of support. Myths and Prejudice There are lots of myths surrounding HIV/AIDS, and it’s important to separate fact from fiction. Myths can lead to discrimination and prejudice, hurting people who need support and understanding. Stigma can stop people from getting tested for HIV, which can lead to more people getting infected. Prejudice can stop people affected by HIV from getting the treatment they need. It costs lives. The stigma surrounding HIV and AIDS can lead to HIV-positive children being abandoned. In October of last year, Jemima Khan visited a children’s hospital in Kenya. There she met three-year-old Joanne, one of the fifteen million children around the world who’ve been orphaned by AIDS. Like 600,000 children each year, Joanne was born HIV-positive. When Joanne’s mother died of AIDS-related illness, her extended family didn’t want to look after her because of the stigma of HIV and AIDS. The hospital was looking for a home for Joanne when UNICEF UK met her. You cannot contract HIV or AIDS by touching someone who is infected. HIV is not passed on to others through sharing food, minor accidents or fighting. You cannot catch HIV or AIDS in a swimming pool. HIV and AIDS is not something that affects only gay people. Everybody is at risk of HIV and AIDS if they have unprotected sex or share needles. The disease can affect anyone regardless of age, gender, wealth, where they live or who they fancy. No child should be denied their rights because of HIV and AIDS. Children and young people can play a vital role in beating the myths and prejudice that surround HIV and AIDS. UNICEF is determined to improve the lives of children affected by AIDS. It is running a five year campaign to persuade everyone, everywhere, to Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS. (from: ://www.unicef.org.uk/youthvoice/aids.asp)

Vocabulary:

Pronunciation note : Acronyms are abbreviations, such as “NATO”, “laser”, and “IBM”, that are formed using the initial letters of words or word parts in a phrase or name. Acronyms are usually pronounced in a way that is distinct from that of the full forms for which they stand: as the names of the individual letters (as in IBM), as a word (as in NATO), or as a combination (as in IUPAC). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym When HIV/AIDS is pronounced in English, the letters H-I-V are pronounced as the letters (atch-ai-vee). AIDS is pronounced as the word, “aids” (say “atch-ai-vee ayds”).

blood (n)	HIV positive (n)	risk (n)
bodily fluids (n)	immune system (n)	sexual intercourse (n)
cure (n)	infection (n)	to contract (v)
discrimination (n)	impact (n)	to hurt (n)
drugs (n)	myths (n)	to infect (v)
epidemic (n)	needle/syringe (n)	to inject (v)
facts (n)	prejudice (n)	to share (v)
gay and straight (adj)	prevention (n)	virus (n)

Exercise 1: Find the English Words. In the brainstorm activity at the beginning of the chapter, you may have written some words in your first language. Make a list of those words and try to find the English words. Use a dictionary or talk it over with your classmates and teachers. Combine your list with the class and create a list of vocabulary on this topic. Remember that there is a glossary of terms in the Appendix. This may be very helpful.

Exercise 2: Cloze Exercise

The following words are the missing words in the text below. First, take time to read through the two paragraphs and see if you can guess which words may fill in the blanks. Then listen carefully to the passage and fill in the blanks. Check the assessment section at the end of the chapter to find the correct answers.

away	because	catch	contract	facts
HIV/AIDS	illnesses	impact	infected	myths
passed	people	prejudice	reasons	reduce
risk	scared	share	support	touching

 

What are the Myths Around HIV/AIDS? from http://www.therightssite.org.uk/html/issues_haa9,htm Like many ___________ there are many myths around HIV/AIDS. One of the ___________ why there are so many myths around HIV/AIDS is ___________ many adults are scared to talk about things that they know very little about. Being ___________ of something does not make it go ___________. It is very important to know the ___________ about HIV/AIDS, to ___________ your own ___________ of infection and to help understand the ___________ the illness has on those who are ___________. It is also important to stop and think about the effect ___________ have on people living with ___________. Myths can lead to discrimination and ___________, hurting people who need ___________ and understanding. You cannot___________ HIV/AIDS through ___________ someone who is infected. HIV has not shown to be ___________ on to others through sharing food, minor accidents or fighting. You cannot ___________ HIV/AIDS in a swimming pool. HIV/AIDS is not something that affects only gay ___________. Everybody is at risk of HIV/AIDS if they have unprotected sex or ___________ needles.

Study Skill A:

English Stress and Intonation Patterns in Words

(from The ESL Teacher's Book of Lists, The Center for Applied Research in Education, 1993, p. 156)

In English speech we put emphasis or loudness on certain words and syllables. This is called stress. Stress is produced by pronouncing the word or syllable louder or longer than other parts of the word.

There are four speech pitches or levels in spoken English. This is what is called intonation. The four levels of pitch or intonation are described as below normal, normal, slightly above normal, and high above normal. To stress a word or syllable means using the two higher levels of intonation.

Stressed and unstressed words and syllables and the changes in intonation create the regular speech patterns found in spoken English and result in the rhythm of English.

Below are some guidelines by which these speech patterns are formed.

1. Give stress to the part of the word that carries the most meaning. In a polysyllabic (many syllables) word, stress is in the base or root of the word.

example:

imPORTant

deSCRIPtion

inFECTed

2. Prefixes and suffixes are usually not stressed.

example:

imPOSSible

beCAUSE

conTRACTed

3. Stress is often put on the first syllable of words that are nouns, verbs and adjectives of two or more syllables. (If the first syllable is a prefix, however, it is not stressed).

example:

VIrus

HURTing

POSitive

4. Words with suffixes that begin with "i" usually have stress placed on the syllable before the suffix.

example:

oPINion

preVENTive

faMILiar

suffixes:	-ive	-iant	-ial	-ic	-ion	-io	-iate	-iar
	-ify	-ily	-ish	-iary	-iable

5. The first word in a compound word is usually stressed.

example:

HEADset

TEXTbook

PASSport

Exercises and Activities for Speaking Skill A:

Exercise 3: Listen to this passage. Notice where there is stress and intonation. Read the paragraph aloud.

Why is there a stigma and silence around HIV/AIDS? Many diseases and illnesses have a stigma attached to them. By this we mean that people may look at and treat people differently just because something is different about them. Stigmas usually happen because people are afraid of something and don't know enough about an issue. For example, many people are afraid of people with mental health problems because they know very little about it. Similarly many people are afraid of HIV/AIDS because again they know very little about it. Fear causes us to act strangely around people and consequently, people who are infected with HIV may choose not to tell anyone that they are HIV positive, as this may lead to discrimination. Everyone has the right to privacy and to keep certain information to themselves and for this reason, a silence has surrounded HIV/AIDS. But now it is time to break the silence and stigma in order to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. (from http://www.therightssite.org.uk/html/issues_haa10.htm)

Say these words giving the appropriate stress and emphasis to the syllables indicated.

disEASes	ILLnesses	STIGma		DIFFerently	STIGmas	Usually
aFRAID	eNOUGH	ISsue		ISsue	mental HEALTH problems
h-i-v-AIDS	aGAIN	STRANGEly		CONsequently	inFECTed
ANyone	h-i-v-POSitive			discrimiNAtion	EVeryone
PRIvacy	inforMAtion	SI-lence		preVENT	h-i-v-AIDS

Read this aloud again.

Many disEASes and ILLnesses have a STIGma attached to them. By this we mean that people may look at and treat people DIFFerently just because something is DIFFerent about them. STIGmas Usually happen because people are aFRAID of something and don't know eNOUGH about an ISsue. For exAMple, many people are aFRAIDof people with mental HEALTH problems because they know very little about it. Similarly many people are aFRAID of h-i-v-AIDS because aGAIN they know very little about it. Fear causes us to act STRANGEly around people and CONsequently, people who are inFECTed with HIV may choose not to tell ANyone that they are h-i-v-POSitive, as this may lead to discrimiNAtion. EVeryone has the right to PRIvacy and to keep certain inforMAtion to themselves and for this reason, a SI-lence has surROUNDed h-i-v-AIDS. But now it is time to break the SI-lence and STIGma in order to preVENT the spread of h-i-v-AIDS.

Lecture/Presentation:

Reader’s Theater

"Readers Theater" is an activity in which students, while reading directly from scripts, are able to tell a story in a most entertaining form, without props, costumes, or sets. This is a reading activity, and students are not asked to memorize their lines. They are, however, encouraged to "ham it up" and use intonation and gestures appropriate to their characters and their characters’ words.

You will take part in a Reader’s Theater from which we learn the facts about HIV/AIDS. So that everyone can take part in the Reader’s Theater, divide into groups of seven people. (If this cannot be done, form groups smaller than seven and members of the group can take on more roles.)

Each member of the group will be given one of the following roles:

Readers:	Narrator 1	Narrator 2	Narrator 3	Narrator 4
	Reporter 1	Reporter 2	Director

Read the script. You may want to read it once for practice, then read it again.

(Script)

Narrator 1: Every minute of every day, one child dies and four children lose a parent because of AIDS-related illness. Children have become the missing face of AIDS - their story just isn't being heard.

Narrator 2: According to current estimates, some 15 million children have already been orphaned by HIV/AIDS. In addition, of the 5 million new HIV/AIDS infections in 2002, half were among young people.

Narrator 1: HIV/AIDS is having a devastating impact upon the world’s children, depriving them of parental care and protection. Children are being forced to replace parents as head of the household and care for younger siblings.

Narrator 2: Children are missing out on education, as they are forced to work to support themselves or siblings. Millions of young people also face the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS themselves and of not receiving treatment.

Reporter 1: AIDS treatment is beginning to make a difference in Vietnam. It's visible at the Mai Hoa AIDS Center in Cu Chi, about an hour's drive from downtown Ho Chi Minh City.

Tourists visit Cu Chi to see the tunnels dug by the Viet Cong during the War. The Mai Hoa AIDS Center is a garden-like sanctuary down the road from the tunnel entrance. the director is a quiet-spoken Roman Catholic nun.

Director: We serve AIDS patients who have no home and no family to live with. In many cases, they were rejected by their families. Before they came here, many didn't even live like human beings.

Reporter 2: One 4-year-old girl, when given a shiny trinket from America, immediately runs outdoors with it, straight to a glass case containing row on row of ceramic urns. Each one contains the ashes of someone who died here.The little girl stands on tiptoe to show the trinket to a photo on one particular urn. It's a picture of a young woman with long dark hair, staring soberly at the camera."It's my mother," the little girl says.

Director: When she first came here, she had no name, so we named her. Her mother owned a coffee shop. She got infected with HIV from her boyfriend, and the little girl got the virus during childbirth. Mother and daughter came to Mai Hoa in April. Two months later, the 25-year-old mother was dead.

Reporter 1: Back in her office, the nun says her AIDS orphans are doing well with treatment. But they still aren't welcome at the local school, so a teacher comes to Mai Hoa.

Reporter 2: Vietnam is embarking on a campaign to end discrimination against people with AIDS and HIV. A new law will give new rights and protections to people with HIV, and the country is expanding the number of people getting treatment for AIDS.

Narrator 3: There are lots of myths surrounding HIV/AIDS, and it’s important to separate fact from fiction. Myths can lead to discrimination and prejudice, hurting people who need support and understanding.

Narrator 4: Stigma can stop people from getting tested for HIV, which can lead to more people getting infected. Prejudice can stop people affected by HIV from getting the treatment they need.

Narrator 3: It costs lives. The stigma surrounding HIV and AIDS can lead to HIV-positive children being abandoned.

Narrator 1: You cannot contract HIV or AIDS by touching someone who is infected.

Narrator 2: HIV is not passed on to others through sharing food, minor accidents or fighting.

Narrator 3: You cannot catch HIV or AIDS in a swimming pool.

Narrator 4: HIV and AIDS is not something that affects only gay people.

Narrator 1: Everybody is at risk of HIV and AIDS if they have unprotected sex or share needles. The disease can affect anyone regardless of age, gender, wealth, where they live or who they fancy.

Narrator 2: No child should be denied their rights because of HIV and AIDS. Play a vital role in beating the myths and prejudice that surround HIV and AIDS.

Narrator 3: About one-quarter of the 25,000 Vietnamese that are estimated to need AIDS treatment now are getting the drugs needed to live with AIDS.

Narrator 4: About 300,000 people are thought to be infected with HIV out of a total population of 84 million. The goal is to get the drugs to everybody who needs them within the next two years.

Reporter 1: If you're a member of a family in which there's someone with AIDS, your kids might have trouble going to school. You might have had difficulty selling your vegetables in the market. People sometimes stay away out of fear, not only from people who have HIV infection but also from their family members.

Reporter 2: Vietnam officials aim to stamp out that stigma. Last year, experts warned them that the country could see a million new HIV infections over the next few years, if it didn't take strong action.

Reporter 1: That galvanized the National Assembly, which passed a comprehensive new law on AIDS and HIV.

Reporter 2: The law went into effect Jan.1. It's one of the strongest pieces of AIDS legislation in the world. The Director hopes the new law will change people's attitudes toward AIDS.

Director: In the past, when we mention HIV/AIDS, it meant drug users and prostitution and its evil. And so people fear it. But now maybe people will change their way of thinking and separate AIDS from other evils.

Reporter 1: Until that happens, though, she's worried that the people being treated at her center will have no place to go when they get better. So she's planning a new venture: a little community of people with HIV next door to the treatment center.

Director: It will be a place where my orphans can grow up, get married, and grow their own vegetables.

(end of script)

(This Reader’s Theater was created from: http://www.unicef.org.uk/youthvoice/aids.asp and
“ Vietnam Expands Protection for People with HIV,” by Richard Knox, in Global Health
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7161374, February 5, 2007)

Exercises and Activities for Listening Skill A:

Exercise 4: Building Characters

Divide into groups of 4 or 5. Together, you will fill out the “Build a Character Questionnaire.” With this questionnaire, your group will create a person. You are deciding what this person is like.

Build a Character Questionnaire   Is your character male or female? What is the name of your character? What is his/her age? Who does he/she live with? (parents, relations, other adults, other young people) Who are his/her friends? Does this person have a girl/boyfriend? If yes, what is his/her name? Does your character have a job? If yes, what is the job he/she does? What does your character do during leisure time? (sports, friendships, listen to music, spend time with family, etc.) What is his/her favorite food? What is his/her favorite music? What is his/her favorite TV program? What kind of books does he/she like? What kind of movies does he/she like?

Now imagine that their character is infected with HIV and to list 10 ways in which life will be different for the character because of this.

1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________________

With the entire class together again, take time to discuss how people felt about this activity. How did they feel about the character that their group created? Was any of your group discussion unexpected or surprising?

from: http://www.sites4teachers.com/links/redirect.php?url=http://www.avert.org/lessons.htm

Exercise 5: True or False Quiz

This is a quiz found in the Internet TESL Journal found at http://a4esl.org/q/h/in-aids1-bg.html

Take the quiz. Circle either “true” or “false” for each statement. Then go through the statements aloud in class. Everyone should speak out their answers. Where there is dispute, check for answers by reading (skimming and scanning) the story below. Check your answers by going to the website (above) or find the answers in the Taking It Further Section.

• HIV is a virus that weakens the body's power to fight disease.

True

False

• After six months to ten years after the HIV virus gets into a person's body, they get a disease called AIDS.

True

False

• You can catch AIDS from a mosquito bite.

True

False

• You can get AIDS from swimming in the same swimming pool with someone who has HIV or AIDS.

True

False

• You can catch AIDS from a cough or sneeze from someone who has HIV.

True

False

• You can catch AIDS from using a public toilet.

True

False

• It's safe to hug or kiss a friend who has HIV or AIDS.

True

False

• You can get the HIV virus from blood from an infected person (a person who has the HIV virus in their body).

True

False

• You can catch HIV through having unprotected sex with a person who has HIV.

True

False

• A mother who has HIV in her body can give the virus to her baby before it is born.

True

False

• Everyone who has HIV looks sick.

True

False

• People who have the HIV virus will be infected for the rest of their lives or until there is a cure.

True

False

Your body has some power to fight disease. This is called your body's immune system. HIV is a virus that weakens the body's immune system or power to fight disease. HIV can pass from one person to another through body fluids like blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or a mother's breast milk.

HIV causes AIDS but not everyone who has HIV looks sick. It can take from two to ten or more years before someone who is HIV+ becomes sick with AIDS. The only way to find out if someone has HIV is for them to get tested for the virus.

HIV can pass from one person to another through unprotected sex with someone who is infected with HIV. HIV can pass from one person to another through sharing needles for drugs. HIV can also pass from a mother to her baby during pregnancy (before the baby is born) or through breast feeding, from the mother's milk. But only about 1/3 of babies of HIV+ mothers are infected this way.

Right now, there is no way to cure AIDS. People who become infected with HIV, become sick with AIDS after six months to ten years. Eventually, they die. There are some medicines to fight AIDS, but nothing yet that cures it. Scientists around the world are trying to find a cure for AIDS.

The main way that HIV is passed from person to person is through unprotected sex with a person who is HIV infected. Thinking carefully about sex, discussing sex with your partner and trying to have safe sex (for example using a condom during sex) are some ways that HIV infection can be reduced.

HIV is very weak outside of the body and difficult to catch.

• You cannot catch AIDS from visiting or talking to a friend who is sick with AIDS.
• You cannot catch AIDS from hugging or kissing a friend who has HIV/AIDS.
• You cannot catch AIDS from mosquito bites or insect bites.
• You cannot catch AIDS from a toilet seat in a public restroom.
• You cannot catch AIDS from going to the same school with someone who is sick with AIDS.
• You cannot catch AIDS from being kind to someone who has AIDS.

AIDS is an international problem which touches people in every country of the world. People with AIDS need our support and encouragement. Let's think about how we can support them!

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Vietnamese Language Lesson

Being a Vegetarian:

Some people choose to remove meat from their diet. These people are vegetarians. Others choose to remove all meat from their diet as well as all animal byproducts. These people are vegans. These two groups of people typically make the decision to eat no meat for a variety of reasons.

Many people believe that vegetarians do not live a healthy life, or that they are missing some nutrients. Others reject the vegetarian lifestyle because they believe that eating meat is a natural part of life. Whatever the reason is, people choose different diets.

In this chapter, a list of vocabulary is provided to you in order to be able to speak about whether or not you should be a vegetarian or an omnivore. Prepare a persuasive speech to given in front of class that outlines your perspective on this issue with at least three supporting points.

Vocabulary  

Ăn chay -	Vegetarian	Nghiên cứu -	Research
Tạp ăn, phàm ăn -	Gluttonous	Bữa ăn -	A Meal
Hiện nay -	Currently	Khẩu phần ăn -	A portion of meal
Đúng -	Right	Ngon Miệng -	Tasty
Sai -	Wrong	Cần thiết -	Necessary
Thích hợp, hợp lý -	Proper	Ngon (món ăn) -	Delicious (dishes)
Dinh dưỡng -	Nutritious	Thứ phẩm -	Byproducts
Chất dinh dưỡng -	Nutrients	Lối sống -	Lifestyle

Grammar Points  

Vẫn còn: “Vẫn còn” (still) is an adverb. This construction is usually used before a verb or an adjective to express continuation of an action or a state. This action or state does not end yet, or does not meet yet the requirements…

Examples:
	Anh ấy vẫn còn mập lắm. He is still so fat.
	Mặc dù chị ấy đã cố gắng tập thể dục, trọng lượng của chị ấy dường như vẫn không thay đổi. Although she has made a great effort in taking exercise, her weight still seems unchanged.

 

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Persian Language Lesson

Persian Section

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Spanish Language Lesson

Spanish Section

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