Chapter 1
Integrated Skills
English Special Skills | Vietnamese
Persian | Spanish
Water Ecology / Sinh thái học về nước
بوم شناسیِ (اکولوژیِ) آبGuiding Question: What are your sources of clean water? |
Câu hỏi hướng dẫn: Bạn hãy cho biết đâu là nguồn nước sạch? |
سوال راهنما: منابع آب آشامیدنی شما کدامند؟ |
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Skills:
In this chapter you will do these things:
Persian Language Skills:
- Vowels in the Middle
- Dialogue
- Persian Alphabet (Letters 10-17)
- Vowels at the End
- Syllable Structure
- Vowel Duration
- Word Structure
- “Tašdid” Orthographic Sign
- Multiple Letters
Sound, Letter, Word
Vowels in the Middle:
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Short vowels a, e and o are not written in the middle; instead, the vowel signs َ
and ِ and ُ are placed over or under the previous consonants when necessary.
Add the vowel signs and read the words:
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Dialogue (For regular practice)
O: xānomhā, āqāyān, salām. |
P: Ladies, gentlemen, hello. |
āqā! šomā ketāb dārid? |
Sir! Have you a book? |
D: bale, man ketāb dāram. |
P: Yes, I have a book. |
O: xānom! man kif dāram? |
S: Miss! Have I a bag? |
D: na, šomā kif nadārid. |
P: No, you haven’t a bag. |
O: in ĉist?… lotfan bolandtar. |
S: What’s this?...Please louder. |
D: ān ketāb ast. |
P: It’s a book. |
O: dorost ast, befarmāyid. |
S: That’s right. Please sit down. |
befarmāyid – The imperative verb befarmāyid, practically ,meaning “bid, order” is a polite word for sit down, come, go, tell, after you, help yourself and many others in different situations.
Persian Alphabet (Letters 10 to 13)
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* Join the letters and read the words:
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Persian Alphabet (Letters 14 to 16 )
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* Join the letters and read the words:
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Persian Alphabet (Letters 17)
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Examples:
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* Join the letters and read the words:
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Vowels at the end:
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* Join the letters and read the words:
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Syllable Structure- Persian syllables appear in three types (C: consonant, V: vowel)
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Vowel Duration- When a vowel precedes a consonant group (C+C) in a syllable, it is pronounced longer than usual:
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Word Structure- Persian words consist of one or more syllables up to about eight:
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Be careful to give each syllable its full value and not to clip the words as it is often the tendency in English.
* Read each syllable and write them into words:
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* Read the words:
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Tašdid- “ ّ ”- The orthographic sign “ ّ ” indicates of a consonant in pronunciation without releasing the consonants:
Thank you …………………........ |
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Multiple Letters- Among the 32 Persian letters, four are considered as multiphonuos, the remaining 28 having a single sound each. In the absence of phonetic spelling, the pronunciation of multiphonous letters is made simple with the following guidelines:
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/a/ is very rare in the formal language, but very common in speech.
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س ه/ه Final
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