Chapter 3
Reading
English | Vietnamese Section
English | Vietnamese
IC3, IT, TOEFL, Best Answer
Self- and Teacher Evaluation
Avian Flu
Chăm sóc sức khoẻ và sức khoẻ sinh sản
What are effective pathways to health in your culture?
Câu hỏi hướng dẫn:
Làm thế nào để chăm sóc sức khoẻ có hiệu quả trong nền văn hoá của bạn?
Vietnamese Language Skills: How to talk about arriving
Introductory Motivation and Focus:
Are You Feeling Sick? Match the illnesses on the left to the descriptions on the right. A space is provided for your answers. You may work by yourself, with a partner or in small groups to select the right answers.
|
Illness |
Description |
|
_____ 1. Bird Flu or Avian Flu _____ 2. Malaria _____ 3. Influenza or the Flu _____ 4. Heart Attack _____ 5. Asthma Attack |
A. This illness has symptoms similar to a cold, but is usually more severe and comes on quite suddenly. Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, muscle aches, headaches, fever, chills, sneezing, and runny nose. Symptoms may last 5 to 7 days. It often affects many people at once (an epidemic). It’s name comes from the Italian word for ‘influence.” B. A person having this illness is panting for breath. It is a condition that causes inflammation and obstruction of airways. Breathing becomes difficult. He/she will cough a great deal. It can be caused by allergies from dust, mold, pollen, or animals. Or things like exercise, smoke, changes in the weather or emotional stress can trigger an attack. This illness’ name comes from Greek meaning “to pant.” C. This is a type of influenza virus that infects several animal species, including birds. There have been several instances of human infections and outbreaks since 1997 When such infections occur, public health authorities monitor the situation closely because of concerns about the possibility of spreading in the human population. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, respiratory (breathing) distress, pneumonia, eye infections and more. D. This is caused by blocked blood flow to the heart muscle. The symptoms include pain, pressure, heaviness and/or numbness behind the breastbone and/or across the chest. These lifestyle factors may increase the risk of such an attack: smoking, high blood pressure, little or no exercise, high stress levels. E. This illness is characterized by fever and influenza-like symptoms, including chills, headache, and fatigue. It can cause seizures, mental confusion, kidney failure, coma, and death. It is given to humans by a female mosquito bite and can show 6 days to several months after the bite. |
(Resources: Healthwise Handbook by Kaiser Permanente—Colorado Edition—Boise, Idaho, 1997; Center for Disease Control website: http://www.cdc.gov/travel/malinfo.htm; and Bird Flu Overview: http://www.mydna.com/health/diseases/avian/overview/AvianFlu_basic.html)
In this chapter we will be taking a closer look at Avian Influenza or Bird Flu. Here are some facts to prepare you for the chapter. Read through them. Q means question. A means answer.
Avian Flu Facts
Q . What is avian flu?
A . Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. The disease, which was first identified in Italy more than 100 years ago, occurs worldwide.
Q . Is avian flu contagious?
A . Yes. All birds are thought to be susceptible to infection with avian influenza, though some species are more resistant to infection than others. The first documented infection of humans with an avian influenza virus occurred in Hong Kong in 1997, when the H5N1 strain caused severe respiratory disease in 18 humans, of whom 6 died.
Q . What are the symptoms of avian flu?
A . Published information on human infection is limited to studies of the 1997 Hong Kong outbreak. Symptoms included fever, sore throat, cough and, in several of the fatal cases, severe respiratory distress secondary to viral pneumonia.
Q . How do you treat avian flu?
A . The quarantining of infected farms and destruction of infected or potentially exposed flocks are standard control measures aimed at preventing spread to other farms and eventual establishment of the virus in a country’s poultry population.
Q . How can you protect yourself against avian flu?
A . Workers involved in the culling of poultry flocks must be protected, by proper clothing and equipment, against infection. These workers should also receive antiviral drugs as a prophylactic measure.
Q . How effective is the vaccine?
A . Vaccination of persons at high risk of exposure to infected poultry, using existing vaccines effective against currently circulating human influenza strains, can reduce the likelihood of co-infection of humans with avian and influenza strains.
- WHO Fact Sheet
- CDC: Avian Flu Information
- Source: World Health Organization
Vocabulary Words & Exercises: The words below are some words to describe illnesses, their symptoms, and some remedies. Choose several of the illnesses on the left and find some symptoms that characterize the illnesses. What remedies would be suggested? What illnesses are of concern to your own family? Is the illness listed? The symptoms? The remedies? Add to these lists those words that are meaningful to your life. Use computer search engines like google.com or a website such as: http://www.cdc.gov/ for information. For example, perhaps a family member has had pneumonia. Try to describe the symptoms and find more words to describe it.
|
Illness |
Symptom |
Remedy |
|
|
|
Explanation of Reading Study Skill A (Academic Reading Skill):
Skimming and Scanning: In the last chapter, students skimmed paragraphs to find topic sentences. This was done to help students find the main idea for the paragraph. We use skimming as a way to prepare to read. Skimming helps us to anticipate what we will read. For example, before reading the following paragraph, skim to locate the topic sentence.
Bird Flu: Overview*
Type A influenza viruses can infect several animal species, including birds, pigs, horses, seals and whales. Influenza viruses that infect birds are called "avian influenza viruses". Birds are an especially important species because all known subtypes of influenza A viruses circulate among wild birds, which are considered the natural hosts for influenza A viruses. Avian influenza viruses do not usually directly infect humans or circulate among humans.
If you skimmed and chose the second sentence as the topic sentence, you are right. Knowing this, and looking at the title, can you anticipate what the rest of this essay is about? Looking at the title is also a good clue for the main topic.
We can guess that the essay will tell us many things about avian flu: what the virus is, how it affects birds, how it has infected humans, symptoms and remedies.
To scan means to look for specific information—perhaps a word or a number. Students can best understand scanning as one looks for information on a chart or graph.
The immunization schedule below is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Look at the following chart and answer these questions:
- How many immunizations might a 2-month-old child be given?
- To be immunized to hepatitis B, how many vaccines must a child be given? At what ages?
- What immunization should a child age 4-6 be given?
- Are immunizations recommended for people over 65? Which ones?
Immunization Schedule
|
Immuniations Age |
Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus (DPT/DTaP)
|
Polio (OPV/IPV) |
Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) |
Hepatitis B |
Haemophilus Influenzae b (Hib) |
Tetanus Diphtheria (TD) Booster |
Chickenpox (Varicella) |
Birth-2 weeks |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
2 months |
yes |
yes |
|
yes |
yes |
|
|
4 months |
yes |
yes |
|
|
yes |
|
|
6 months |
yes |
yes |
|
|
yes |
|
|
12 months |
|
|
yes |
|
yes |
|
|
18 months |
yes |
yes |
|
yes |
|
|
|
4-6 years |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
11-12 years |
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
yes |
14-16 years |
|
|
|
|
|
yes |
|
Adults |
|
|
yes |
|
|
yes |
yes |
Over 65 years |
Pneumoc-occal vaccine at least once |
|
|
|
Flu vaccine annually |
|
|
(Adapted from The Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics, 1994).
Once you understand the chart--the top row lists the vaccines and the left column lists ages—you most likely scanned the chart to answer the questions. That is, you did not read every word in the chart to find your answers.
When we scan reading material, we are looking for specific information. We are not reading carefully.
Look at the words below. Time yourself. In the left column are words in bold print. Quickly scan across the row from left to right and circle the word that matches the word found in the first column. The first one is done for you. At the end of the section, write down your time (the number of seconds it took you to finish).
|
1. surgery |
surgical |
surgeon |
surgery |
sturgeon |
|
2. cancer |
canker |
career |
cancerous |
cancer |
|
3. malaria |
malarial |
malaria |
malarias |
material |
|
4. rash |
ratio |
rash |
rashes |
radish |
|
5. pandemic |
epidemic |
pandemic |
panda |
pandemonium |
|
6. years |
yours |
yes |
yearn |
years |
|
7. pneumonia |
pneumonia |
pneumonic |
pneumonic |
insomnia |
|
8. infection |
inflection |
infection |
infect |
inflection |
|
9. redness |
readiness |
re-address |
readiness |
redness |
|
10. fever |
feverous |
fever |
sever |
favor |
Time _____________
Look at the paragraph below and scan for the meaning of “1997.”
Avian influenza usually does not make wild birds sick, but can make domesticated birds very sick and kill them. Avian influenza A viruses do not usually infect humans; however, several instances of human infections and outbreaks have been reported since 1997. When such infections occur, public health authorities monitor the situation closely because of concerns about the potential for more widespread infection in the human population.*
Your eyes should quickly look over the paragraph and catch the “1997” almost in the middle of the paragraph. 1997 refers to the year from which the outbreaks are being reported—the first year of the outbreak of avian flu.
Exercises and Activities for Skill A:
Exercise #1: Look at the following paragraphs and skim for the topic sentence. Underline it and state what the main idea is on the line below the paragraph.
Paragraph One:
All influenza viruses can change. It is possible that an avian influenza virus could change so that it could infect humans and could spread easily from person to person. Because these viruses do not commonly infect humans, there is little or no immune protection against them in the human population. If an avian virus were able to infect people and gain the ability to spread easily from person to person, an "influenza pandemic" could begin. *
Main Idea: __________________________________________________________
Paragraph Two:
Advice for Travelers*
Currently, CDC does not recommend restrictions for travel to any of the countries affected by avian influenza A(H5N1). However, CDC advises travelers to take precautions. Travelers to regions experiencing outbreaks of this disease in poultry should avoid areas with live poultry, such as live animal markets and poultry farms. Influenza viruses are destroyed by heat; therefore all foods from poultry, including eggs, should be thoroughly cooked. As with other infectious illnesses, one of the most important and appropriate preventive practices is careful and frequent hand hygiene. Cleaning your hands often using either soap and removes potentially infectious materials from your skin and helps prevent disease transmission.
Main Idea: __________________________________________________________
Exercise #2: Look again at paragraph #2. Scan for the three precautions travelers should take when traveling to countries affected by avian flu.
Precaution #1:
Precaution #2
Precaution #3
Exercise #3: Look at the following paragraphs and find the answers to these questions:
- Quickly scan through all the paragraphs. Where has avian influenza most often appeared?
- When was the first time avian influenza had been found to transmit directly from birds to humans?
- In 1997, of the 18 people who were hospitalized, how many died?
- In what year did The Netherlands have an outbreak of avian flu?
- Of the 55 infections in 2004, how many people died?
- How many of these infections were in Vietnam?
Avian Influenza Infections in Humans*
Confirmed instances of avian influenza viruses infecting humans since 1997 include:
1997: In Hong Kong, avian influenza A (H5N1) infected both chickens and humans. This was the first time an avian influenza virus had ever been found to transmit directly from birds to humans. During this outbreak, 18 people were hospitalized and 6 of them died. To control the outbreak, authorities killed about 1.5 million chickens to remove the source of the virus. Scientists determined that the virus spread primarily from birds to humans, though rare person-to-person infection was noted.
1999: In Hong Kong, cases of avian influenza A H9N2 were confirmed in 2 children. Both patients recovered, and no additional cases were confirmed. The evidence suggested that poultry was the source of infection and the main mode of transmission was from bird to human. However, the possibility of person-to-person transmission remained open. Several additional human H9N2 infection were reported from mainland China in 1998-99.
2003: Two cases of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection occurred among members of a Hong Kong family that had traveled to China. One person recovered, the other died. How or where these 2 family members were infected was not determined. Another family member died of a respiratory illness in China, but no testing was done. No additional cases were reported.
2003: Avian influenza A (H7N7) infections among poultry workers and their families were confirmed in the Netherlands during an outbreak of avian flu among poultry. More than 80 cases of H7N7 illness were reported (the symptoms were mostly confined to eye infections, with some respiratory symptoms), and 1 patient died (in a veterinarian who had visited an affected farm). There was evidence of some human-to-human transmission.
2003: H9N2 infection was confirmed in a child in Hong Kong. The child was hospitalized but recovered.
2004-05: So far, the World Health Organization (WHO) knows of 55 human infections with the H5N1 bird flu virus -- 37 in Vietnam, 17 in Thailand, and one in Cambodia. It killed 42 of these people. It's likely that there have been many more cases than this, many of them probably fatal. Most people probably get milder cases, but that's far from clear. Only people with severe disease show up in hospitals.
(*source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.mydna.com/health/diseases/avian/overview/AvianFlu_basic.html)
Reading : Before you read, follow the directions in the Exercise and Activities section below. Exercises #4 and #5 will help you read the passage.
Bird Flu Called Global Human Threat
Avian Influenza Infections in Humans*
Confirmed instances of avian influenza viruses infecting humans since 1997 include:
1997: In Hong Kong, avian influenza A (H5N1) infected both chickens and humans. This was the first time an avian influenza virus had ever been found to transmit directly from birds to humans. During this outbreak, 18 people were hospitalized and 6 of them died. To control the outbreak, authorities killed about 1.5 million chickens to remove the source of the virus. Scientists determined that the virus spread primarily from birds to humans, though rare person-to-person infection was noted.
1999: In Hong Kong, cases of avian influenza A H9N2 were confirmed in 2 children. Both patients recovered, and no additional cases were confirmed. The evidence suggested that poultry was the source of infection and the main mode of transmission was from bird to human. However, the possibility of person-to-person transmission remained open. Several additional human H9N2 infection were reported from mainland China in 1998-99.
2003: Two cases of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection occurred among members of a Hong Kong family that had traveled to China. One person recovered, the other died. How or where these 2 family members were infected was not determined. Another family member died of a respiratory illness in China, but no testing was done. No additional cases were reported.
2003: Avian influenza A (H7N7) infections among poultry workers and their families were confirmed in the Netherlands during an outbreak of avian flu among poultry. More than 80 cases of H7N7 illness were reported (the symptoms were mostly confined to eye infections, with some respiratory symptoms), and 1 patient died (in a veterinarian who had visited an affected farm). There was evidence of some human-to-human transmission.
2003: H9N2 infection was confirmed in a child in Hong Kong. The child was hospitalized but recovered.
2004-05: So far, the World Health Organization (WHO) knows of 55 human infections with the H5N1 bird flu virus -- 37 in Vietnam, 17 in Thailand, and one in Cambodia. It killed 42 of these people. It's likely that there have been many more cases than this, many of them probably fatal. Most people probably get milder cases, but that's far from clear. Only people with severe disease show up in hospitals.
(based on an article from washingtonpost.com)
HO CHI MINH CITY, Vietnam, Feb. 23 -- The bird flu outbreak in Asia can become a global human threat, a U.N. official warned Wednesday. But experts also said there was time to control the impact of the disease if quick actions were taken to control the virus in animals. Experts who gathered for a three-day conference repeated concerns that the bird flu virus could become far deadlier if it mutated into a form easily passed from human to human. There is no evidence that this has happened, but human outbreaks this year have made those concerns possible.
"We . . . believe that the world is now in the gravest possible danger of a pandemic," said Shigeru Omi, the World Health Organization's Western Pacific regional director, who urged international coordination to fight the virus. "If the virus becomes highly contagious among humans, the health impact in terms of deaths and sickness will be enormous, and certainly much greater than SARS," Omi said, referring to severe acute respiratory syndrome, which killed nearly 800 people in 2003.
Bird flu, which devastated Southeast Asia's poultry industry last year, has killed 45 people in the past year -- 32 Vietnamese, 12 Thais and one Cambodian. Most of those cases were traced to contact with sick birds.
"There is an increasing risk of avian influenza spread that no poultry-keeping country can afford to ignore," said Samuel Jutzi of the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization. Jutzi said the avian flu virus will likely continue in Asia for years because there is no easy way to get rid of it. There are measures, however, to limit its impact, such as keeping ducks and migratory birds that carry the virus without showing symptoms away from farmed poultry and humans.
Minimizing the infection rate among poultry and keeping humans free of avian influenza will help prevent a global epidemic, he said. However, the challenge for many countries affected by the virus, including Vietnam, is the lack of effective diagnostic tools and surveillance systems that can identify the diseased birds, he said. Officials acknowledge that another challenge in controlling avian flu is altering traditional farming and cultural practices in Asia, where animals live in close, often unsanitary quarters with people.
The disease recently has become more deadly than the strain found in 1997 in Hong Kong, making the situation more urgent, Omi said. Bird flu's reappearance in Vietnam, where 12 people have died this year, has proven the virus has now become endemic in parts of the region. The virus also has been found in such animals as tigers and cats that were not known to be susceptible to influenza, Omi said.
He said the world was "now overdue" for an influenza pandemic, citing trends of mass epidemics occurring every 20 to 30 years. It has been nearly 40 years since the last one.
Exercises and Activities for Skill A:
Exercise #4: Skim the Reading Passage for the Main Idea
Read “Bird Flu Called Global Human Threat” by skimming it first for the main ideas. Skim by following the exercises below:
- Read the title and think about what it means.
- Read the first paragraph and underline the topic sentence.
- Read the first sentence of each paragraph.
- Read nothing more than what you read in 1, 2, and 3. Mark the following statements as “true” or “false.”
_____ A. This article is about the possibility of a pandemic caused by avian flu.
_____ B. This article describes the symptoms of avian flu.
_____ C. This article describes actions that countries can take to prevent avian flu from spreading.
_____ D. This article tells us that the avian flu has changed since 1997.
_____ E. This article encourages countries to cooperate.
Exercise #5: Scan the Reading Passage for answers to these questions:
-
Experts fear avian flu will become deadlier if what happens? Hint: scan for keywords “expert” and “deadlier.”
-
Is the health impact of avian flu greater or less than that of SARS? Could it become greater? Hint: Scan for “SARS.”
-
Bird flu has killed 45 people last year. From what countries did these people come? Hint: Scan for “45” to find your answer.
-
What should be done about migratory birds that may carry the virus? Hint: Scan for “migratory.”
-
What are the two challenges for countries affected by the virus? Hint: Scan for “challenges.”
Exercise #6: Now Read the passage as quickly as you can.
Explanation of Reading Study Skill B: Increasing Reading Speed
Skimming and Scanning are skills to help students read faster. But why do students need to read faster?
We read for many reasons. Basically, we read for pleasure and for academic reasons. If we read for pleasure, then, perhaps reading speed is of no consequence. But if we read for academic purposes, reading speed becomes more important.
Increasing reading speed is important because students have to read a lot of material. Also, students who read faster usually understand the reading material better than slower readers. To be a fluent English speaker means that someone speaks well. We also must strive to be fluent English readers.
Slow readers read one word at a time like this:
The |
bird |
flu |
outbreak |
in |
Asia |
can |
become |
a |
global |
human |
threat |
Average readers read phrases—a few words at a time. That is, the eye catches several words together at one time.
The bird flu |
outbreak |
in Asia |
can become |
a global |
human threat |
Faster reader read longer phrases at a time.
The bird flu outbreak in Asia |
can become |
a global human threat |
To increase your reading speed, practice catching long phrases with your eyes.
Silent reading is faster than reading aloud. If you are reading and your lips are moving, you cannot read very fast because you are reading one word at a time. Your eyes are faster than your lips. To read fast, use only your eyes. Your lips should not be moving.
Exercises and Activities for Reading Study Skill B (comprehension):
The sentences below are grouped into phrases. Practice reading them with your eyes. Remember to read silently and not use your lips.
1.
The disease recently |
has become more deadly |
than the strain |
found in 1997 |
in Hong Kong. |
|
2.
Bird flu’s reappearance |
in Vietnam, |
where 12 people |
have died this year, |
has proven the virus |
has now become endemic. |
3.
The virus also |
has been found |
in such animals |
as tigers and cats |
that were not known |
to be susceptible. |
4.
Minimizing |
the infection rate |
among poultry |
and keeping humans free |
of avian influenza |
will help prevent |
a global epidemic. |
|
|
READING PASSAGE: Read over this passage and underline any word you do not understand. Look back through other lessons we have studied to find vocabulary that you may have forgotten. For the words you do not understand, see if you can guess their meaning in context.
Hôm qua, tôi cảm thấy mệt. Có lẽ tôi đã bị cảm. Mẹ tôi nói với tôi rằng, “Con phải đi khám bệnh thôi.” Tôi không muốn đi khám bệnh nhưng mẹ bắt tôi phải đi. Mẹ tôi chở tôi qua bệnh viện và bác sĩ đã khám cho tôi. Bác sĩ kê cho tôi một viên thuốc màu đỏ. Tôi uống viên đó và cảm thấy buồn ngủ. Hôm nay, tôi cảm thấy khoẻ. Cảm ơn mẹ.
Were you able to guess any of the words you didn’t know correctly because of the context? When you learned that “Hôm qua” meant yesterday, were you then able to deduce that “Hôm nay” meant today?
After your teacher has explained to you what the above passage means, do your best to translate it into English below:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
How to talk about arriving:
In Vietnamese there are a number of ways to say that you have arrived, or that you have visited.
Đến |
To arrive, though it is used interchangeably to also mean to come, to appear and to approach. |
Tới |
A more formal version of đến. Also can be used interchangeably to mean to come, to appear and to approach |
Qua |
Literally means to pass. Used frequently in the context of visiting a place, or arriving at a place. |
Thăm |
To visit, but can be used in conjunction with the above three words. |
You can then combine these words to make phrases that all have slightly different meanings.
Tôi sẽ đi đến thăm chú Mike. I will go and visit uncle Mike. |
|
Tôi đã đi qua thăm ông Nguyên. I went by to visit old man Nguyen. |
Tôi tới đây để thăm Chị Rachel. I arrive here in order to visit older sister Rachel. |
Tôi muốn qua Việt Nam. I want to visit Vietnam |
Đến đây bạn oi! Come here friend! |
READ
Read this conversation between two friends and try to answer the questions below:
Đức: |
Chào chị Nga! |
Nga: |
Chào anh Đức! Có phải là anh đã đến bệnh viện ngày hôm qua không? |
Đức: |
Phải. Tại sao chị biết? |
Nga: |
Tôi trông thấy anh ở bệnh viện. Tại sao anh phải đi viện? Hay là đi thăm ai? |
Đức: |
Đúng rồi. Tôi đến bệnh viện thăm ông Tài vì ông ấy bị tai nạn giao thông. |
Nga: |
Trời ơi! Ông ấy có bị nặng không? |
Đức: |
Cũng nặng. Ông ấy bị gãy chân phải. |
Nga: |
Ông ấy bao nhiêu tuổi? |
Đức: |
Không biết. Khoảng sáu mươi gì đó. |
Nga: |
Tai nạn đó là do lỗi của ai? |
Đức: |
Tôi cũng không biết. Ông ấy không muốn nói về điều đó. |
Nga: |
Thật không may. Hy vọng là ông ấy sẽ nhanh khoẻ lại. |
Đức: |
Ít ra cũng phải một tháng. Sáu mươi tuổi rồi còn gì. Thôi gặp lại chị sau nhé! |
Nga: |
Chào anh. |
- Where is Mr. Tai?
- Why is he there?
- What is wrong with Mr. Tai?
- How old is Mr. Tai?
- Who was responsible for what happened to Mr. Tai?
Exercise: For a final exercise, look at the picture that came at the beginning of this lesson. Look up the words that you do not understand and see if you can understand what the sign is trying to tell people. Who are the people in the picture? What is the man driving and why would that be important?
Contact
| |
© 1996-2008 Eastern Mennonite University
EMU is a liberal arts Christian college with core values of peace and sustainability.