Level II
Chapter 3
Listening Speaking
IC3
IC3 | IT | TOEFL | Best Answer
English | Vietnamese
Assessment
CHƯƠNG 3: SỨC KHOẺ
What are effective pathways to health in your culture? Câu hỏi hướng dẫn:
Cách nào có hiệu quả để giữ gìn sức khoẻ trong văn hoá của bạn?
Skills:
In this chapter you will do these things:
English Language Skills:
Vocabulary: HIV/AIDS and Societal Impact; Describing Symptoms
Stress and Intonation Patterns in Words
. Verbally Expressing Opinion
. Discussing Societal Responsibilities and the Spread of HIV/AIDS
Vietnamese Language Skills:
Vừa mới + động từ
Chưa + động từ
…… chưa?
Rearranging a dialogue
Listening for general ideas.
IC3 Skills:
Societal Damage Caused by SARS
- Learn to evaluate internet sources.
- Evaluate various sites on health and women’s health in Vietnam
IT Skill building:
Learn to evaluate internet sources.
Evaluate various sites on health and women’s health in Vietnam.
TOEFL:
Vocabulary building
Intercultural Communicative Competence
In the United States, National Public Radio is broadcast across the country. It is free of advertising and supported by public donations, foundations, grants, and endowments. On April 15, 2003, this article by Kurt Campbell was broadcast on the program All Things Considered hosted by Robert Siegel. In this broadcast, commentary was made by Campbell about the societal damage caused by SARS in Asia.
Though SARS may be a disease of the past, now with hindsight we can look at the economic fall-out and damage to certain parts of society. Many of the issues discussed earlier in the chapter can be examined here, but to it we may ask questions of another related nature: Was a part of the world discriminated against. If SARS appeared in other parts of the world, would it have been treated in the same way?
All Things Considered,
National Public Radio
ROBERT SIEGEL, host:
SARS has hit hardest in Asia, with reported cases in China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Vietnam. Commentator Kurt Campbell has been studying and traveling in Asia for the last ten years. He has just returned from two and a half weeks there and reports that SARS made this trip different from any other he's been on. He's concerned SARS will bring long-lasting changes to the whole region.
KURT CAMPBELL:
There was a bizarre scene in Hong Kong's high-tech new airport last week during the height of the fighting for Baghdad. On a large plasma TV monitor there were scenes of exuberant Iraqis dragging the fallen statue of Saddam Hussein. A large group of Asian travelers watched spellbound, virtually all of whom were wearing white surgical masks and what looked like rubber dish-washing gloves. No one got within 10 feet of anyone else, and the formation in front of the television screen looked like some sort of loose dance choreography. It was a vivid and very visual manifestation of two of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, war and disease, galloping through the global age.
Most of the world remains transfixed on the events playing out in the Middle East, but Asians are currently focused more on dangers closer to home. A disease is reshaping every aspect of Asian life, from casual greetings to public gatherings, and the effects are likely to last even beyond the cough and fever. SARS is battering Asian airlines, economies, and any remaining sense of regional optimism.
While there has been considerable commentary surrounding the epidemiological character and economic concerns associated with this new disease, there has been less recognition of the social and costs. SARS has exacerbated long-standing societal vulnerabilities throughout Asia. The traditional penchant for secrecy in China provided the perfect political Petri dish for the disease to grow and spread. And as the cases have proliferated to Hong Kong, Singapore, Vietnam, and elsewhere in Asia, there is a growing distrust of government; both to be honest with the public about the risks contagion and worries about the effectiveness of public health institutions.
Rumors are rampant. Inaccurate information is passed along as truth. Ethnic scapegoating is also on the rise, with pejorative comments more common about cleanliness, hygiene and food habits. The very nature of the transmission patterns of the disease throughout Asia, following the trade routes and transportation lines, is eroding the links of globalization. Asians are retreating from public life, heading back into their homes, some trusting and caring for only their closest of family members.
There will be enormous economic fallout from the SARS epidemic. The commercial downturn may be greater than the economic fallout from the second Gulf War. However, SARS has dealt perhaps an even more dangerous blow to the fragile Asian conception of civil society and regional interdependence. So far Asia's sense of community and regional optimism are the biggest casualties in the ongoing Asian war against SARS.
SIEGEL: Kurt Campbell is a senior vice president at the Center for Strategic & International Studies.
Copyright ©2003 National Public Radio®. All rights reserved. No quotes from the materials contained herein may be used in any media without attribution to National Public Radio. This transcript may not be reproduced in whole or in part without prior written permission. For further information, please contact NPR's Permissions Coordinator at (202) 513-2000.
Record Number: 200304152105
Ở Hoa kỳ, đài phát thanh quốc gia phủ sóng trên toàn quốc, không bị ảnh hưởng bởi quảng cáo, hoạt động nhờ vào các nguồn tài trợ và đóng góp công cộng. Phóng sự dưới đây của Kurt Campbell phát trong trương trình “Vấn đề hôm nay” do Robert Siegel chủ nhiệm ngày 15 tháng 4, 2003. Campbell đã nêu những thiệt hại về mặt xã hội của dịch SARS ở châu Á.
Mặc dù SARS đã xuất hiện trước đó, bây giờ nhìn lại chúng ta xem xét đến khía cạnh các thất bại kinh tế và thiệt hại đối với một số tầng lớp nhất định của xã hội. Tuy chúng ta có thể khảo sát nhiều vấn đề đã nói đến trong các chương trước đây, hãy đặt câu hỏi về một khía cạnh khác: phần thế giới bị dịch SARS có bị phân biệt đối xử không? Nếu dịch SARS xảy ra ở nơi khác, liệu người ta có đối phó với dịch theo một cách khác không?
Vấn đề hôm nay,
Đài phát thanh quốc gia
ROBERT SIEGEL: dẫn:
Dịch SARS ảnh hưởng nặng nhất ở châu Á với các ổ dịch ở Trung Quốc, Hồng Công, Xing Ga Po và Việt Nam. Phónh viên Kurt Campbell là người đã nghiên cứu và du lịch ở châu Á mười năm qua. Tuần này, ông trở về sau chuyến đi châu Á 2 tuần rưỡi và nói rằng dịch SARS làm cho chuyến đi này khác với bất cứ chuyến đi nào trước đó, và e rằng dịch SARS sẽ đem đến những thay đổi lâu dài cho toàn bộ khu vực.
KURT CAMPBELL:
Có một cảnh kì lạ ở sân bay hiện đại mới ở Hồng Công tuần trước trong khi giao tranh ở Baghdad trở nên dữ dội. Trên màn hình TV plasma lớn là các cảnh đám đông người Iraq kéo lê tượng Saddam Hussein đã bị đổ. Một nhóm lớn khách du lịch châu Á ai cũng đeo khẩu trang và đi găng tay cao su giống như găng tay rửa bát đĩa đang chăm chú xem TV. Không ai đứng gần nhau hơn 10 put Anh (3m), và đám đông trước màn hình TV tạo thành một cảnh giống của biên đạo múa. Đây là sự thể hiện rõ ràng và sống động của hai trong bốn biểu tượng con ngựa của Ngày tận thế - chiến tranh và bệnh dịch - tăng tốc vào kỷ nguyên toàn cầu.
Phần lớn thế giới lo sợ trước những sự kiện xảy ra ở Trung Đông, nhưng người châu Á thì đang quan tâm đến các mối nguy hiểm cận kề. Dịch SARS đang nhào nặn lại mọi khía cạnh của đời sống của người dân châu Á, từ chào hỏi cho đến hội họp, và các triệu chứng có thể kéo dài còn nghiêm trọng hơn cả ho và sốt. Dịch SARS đang đập những cú đập liên hồi vào các ngành hàng không và nền kinh tế châu Á, phá tan chút niềm lạc quan còn lại của khu vực.
Trong khi đặc điểm dịch tễ và các khía cạnh kinh tế của loại dịch mới này được bàn luận nhiều, các thiệt hại về mặt xã hội ít được chú ý. Dịch SARS làm trầm trọng thêm những điểm yếu cố hữu về mặt xã hội của các nước châu Á. Thiên hướng che dấu sự thật truyền thống ở Trung Quốc tạo môi trường chính trị lý tưởng cho dịch phát triển và lan rộng. Khi các ca bệnh SARS lan đến Hồng Công, Sing Ga Po và những nơi khác ở châu Á, người dân ngày càng mất niềm tin vào chính phủ, cả về mặt trung thực trong việc thông tin những nguy cơ lây nhiễm của dịch lẫn hiệu quả chống dịch bệnh của các cơ sở y tế công cộng.
Các tin đồn thất thiệt nhan nhản khắp nơi và được truyền đi như là sự thật. Các sắc tộc thiểu số phải giơ đầu chịu báng với ngày càng nhiều những nhận xét miệt thị về sự sạch sẽ, vệ sinh, cùng những thói quen ăn uống. Các hình thức truyền bệnh ở khắp châu Á, theo đường dây du lịch và thương mại, đang làm xói mòn các mối liên hệ với toàn cầu hoá của châu Á. Người dân châu lục này đang ngày càng rút lui khỏi đời sống công cộng, trốn vào nhà của mình, chỉ tin tưởng và quan tâm đến những thành viên gần gũi nhất trong gia đình.
Không còn nghi ngờ gì nữa, dịch SARS sẽ gây ra một sự sụp đổ kinh tế khổng lồ, một sự suy giảm thương mại có lẽ còn lớn hơn các thiệt hại kinh tế do chiến tranh vùng Vịnh lần thứ hai gây ra. Tuy nhiên, dịch SARS có lẽ đã giáng một đòn chí mạng vào quan niệm vốn đã lỏng lẻo của châu Á về xã hội công dân và sự phụ thuộc lẫn nhau trong khu vực. Cho đến nay tinh thần cộng đồng và niềm lạc quan khu vực của châu Á là tai hoạ lớn nhất trong cuộc chiến đang tiến hành chống lại dịch SARS của châu lục.
SIEGEL: Kurt Campbell là phó chủ nhiệm cao cấp trung tâm nghiên cứu chiến lược và quốc tế.
Bản quyền 2003. Đài phát thanh quốc gia. Đài phát thanh quốc gia giữ mọi quyền tác giả. Không được trích dẫn từ tài liệu này trên bất cứ phương tiện truyền thông nào mà không có sự cho phép của Đài phát thanh quốc gia. Không được sao chép tài liệu này từng phần hoặc toàn phần mà không có sự đồng ý trước bằng văn bản. Để biết thêm thông tin, xin liên hệ với người phụ trách bản quyền Đài phát thanh quốc gia theo số điện thoại (202) 513-2000. Số đăng ký: 200304152105
The World Wide Web offers many valuable sources for research. However, there is a lack of control regarding what information can be placed on the Web. Books, magazines, and journals have editors who look for writing mistakes, like grammar, and inaccurate content information, like false data. Editors are not always used for information placed on the Web. Therefore, it will be helpful to follow a set of guidelines to determine if material from the Web is credible or not.
The following is a basic list of questions to ask about any source.
1. Who is the author?
2. What is the author’s background or credentials?
3. What organization is the author associated with?
4. What are the author’s goals?
5. Who sponsors this website or owns the server (host computer) that stores the site?
6. When was the information last updated? Is the information timely?
When using information from a web page, it may be difficult to learn about the author. Sometimes an organization will be considered the author. You may inquire to learn more about the author through the source’s e-mail address. If you cannot find the author (person or organization) the source should not be considered credible.
After you learn who the author is try to find out more about them. This can sometimes be found at the given site. Other times you may perform a “Google.com” search using the author’s name as a keyword.
To determine the author’s goals, ask yourself some of the following questions.
- Who is the author’s likely audience?
- Who will benefit from reading this?
- What bias is present?
It may also be difficult to learn when the information was posted or updated. When a website does not provide time information, it is a less credible source.
Guidelines taken from:
Fahnestock, Jeanne and Marie Secor.
A Rhetoric of Argument: Brief Edition. 3rd ed. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2004.
The following will instruct you to various URLs, where you can access websites on health and women’s health in Vietnam. For each article you evaluate, apply the above guidelines from Objective One. You may take notes in a word document in order to share your evaluations with your classmates.
- Go to the United Nation’s site: http://www.sdnp.undp.org/services/lists.html
- Scroll down to the heading “Other UN and UNDP Programmes.”
- Left-click on the “Women and Health List” hypertext.
- Search for “ Vietnam” in the Global Forum.
- Evaluate the first three articles.
- Go to the URL: http://www.pathcanada.org/english/increasing_access.cfm
- Read and evaluate the introduction, “Increasing Access to Reproductive Health Information in Vietnam.”
- Next, look at the reports featured on the page. You may choose several to evaluate. Since the reports are fairly long and complex, it will be adequate to read the introductions and conclusions. The body of the reports may be skimmed.
- Go to the URL: http://www.vdic.org.vn/ you can learn information about the organization from this homepage.
- Then left-click on “Long Term Strategies.”
- Scroll down and left-click on the article entitled, “Prime Minister's Decision on Approval of Strategy for People's Health Care and Protection 2001 – 2010.” Evaluate this article.
Some of these articles are from Western based organizations, while one is from the Vietnamese government. What similarities and differences did you discover between the two perspectives? How do you personally evaluate each organization’s plan for health? What are the strengths and weaknesses? Does the plan have the potential to influence your home village, district, or city?
Taking It Further
(Journal Writing, Extra Assignments, Special Explorations, Creative Endeavors):
Coming Home to Roost
Eric Teo Chu Cheow
(From The Japanese Times, Tokyo, Japan, February 13, 2004
and World Press Review, April 2004, pp. 22-23)
Avian Flu has spread across at least 10 countries in Asia--from Chin and Pakistan to Indonesia. A meeting in Bangkok at the end of January highlighted the flu's "regional dimension" as well as the need for a regional approach to eradicating it. The flu has also driven home to the governments and people of Asia lessons that underscore political, economic, social and cooperative change.
Politically, the avian flu is creating renewed awareness of good governance, especially transparency and accountability. In a replay of China's political debacle during the SARS outbreak a year ago, Asians are once again demanding accountability in public health.
Thailand's Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra faces a barrage of criticism for recent cover-ups about the flu to protect booming exports and tourism dollars.
China has reported on how rapidly the flu is spreading across half its territory since it revealed its first case. Political leaders, such as Premier Wen Jaibao, are now reaching out to destitute farmers from Hubei to Anhui.
In Indonesia, which had initially resisted the culling of affected chickens, President Megawati Sukarnoputri finally succumbed to pressure from the World Health Organization and international opinion to take drastic action, while incurring the wrath of poultry farmers ahead of crucial elections this year.
Some reports suggest that Indonesian authorities covered up the extent of the the spread of H5N1 [a virus that causes a deadly form of avian flu] during much of last year, even as chickens reportedly died en masse in rural provinces. It was probably this political embarrassment that forced the Indonesian leaders to come clean.
Given the severity of the flu, Vietnamese leaders are critically aware of safeguarding their political legitimacy.
In all cases, Asian leaders acutely understand that public confidence is of the utmost importance, especially in the 2004-05 election year for Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia, and South Korea. Even in countries with no electoral challenges this year, such as China, Vietnam, and Cambodia, confidence in national leadership is at stake in the battle to halt the contagion.
Like the SARS epidemic, avian flu has highlighted the growing interdependence among Asian states, societies, and economies. With the liberalization of trade and travel across the continent, Asian regionalism has become a de facto reality, although Asian governments still harbor concerns about the effects of deepening regionalism.
In economic terms, avian flu again underscores the importance of domestic consumption, agricultural exports, and tourism in Asian economies. Domestic consumption has propped up Asian economies since the 1997-98 financial crisis. Any drastic drop in consumer confidence, as in Thailand, could lead to a full-blown economic crisis (through plunging poultry and related exports).
An economic slowdown is already perceptible in Thailand as the stock market and the currency slide. An added danger for economies in Thailand, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia is the impact of the flu on the lucrative tourist and travel industry (already hit by recent terrorist threats).
Perhaps one key lesson unfolding with avian flu is the importance of bridging the socioeconomic gap between richer urban communities and poorer rural areas. The extent of the flu epidemic has again revealed the extent of poverty in rural Asia and the socioeconomic cleavages in Asian societies.
For example, a controversy is now brewing in Thailand over the perceived "injustice" of culling chickens on poor rural farms (and providing modest compensation), while poultry bred by big agricultural conglomerates and around Bangkok need only be vaccinated. This problem could become a real thorn in the flesh of the administration. In Indonesia, there were initial concerns (denied by authorities) that vested interests had unfairly prevented the culling of millions of birds.
In rural Asia, a crucial need exists for a coordinated socioeconomic uplift. Like SARS, which originated in poorer parts of the continent, avian flu underscores the importance of an aggressive policy to wipe out poverty and "balance" society. Beneath the vertiginous Asian boom still lie poor economies and marginalized societies that not only breed disease but sow seeds of social unrest and political destabilization. This may be the true reality chick that the avian flu epidemic has brought to the region.
Virus Takes Heaviest Toll on Vietnam
Jean-Claude Pomonti
(From Le Monde, Paris, France, February 11, 2004 and World Press Review, April 2004, p. 24)
One day late in December 2003, Thuy came home feeling poorly after a game of soccer. "I gave him medicine for a fever," his mother says. "The next day, he was complaining of a headache." Later, they visited a clinic in their village of Thanh Khuong, where his mother runs a tiny business selling clothing and shoes. "I was told he had a sore throat, tonsillitis," she recalls. Eventually, Thuy's anxious parents took him to Bac Ninh, the provincial capital, and when he still didn't improve, they rented a car and took him to Hanoi, 40 minutes away. "At the hospital in Hanoi, they told us it was too late," his mother remembers. After six days of struggle, Nguyen Van Thuy died on Jan. 10, 2004, at the age of 10, a victim of avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.
"I still don't understand," says the mother in a weak voice. Seated on the edge of a chair, she wears a knit cap and a thick coat. Outside, a light rain falls and a cold humidity covers the Red River delta. "We raised two hens and they had 13 chicks,: she says. "When the first hen died, we buried it." Then the second hen died, followed by the 13 chicks. Not far away, one of Thuy's uncles kept 170 ducks; all were wiped out by the virus.
So far, during the epidemic that has swept through about a dozen Asian countries over a period of at least three months, bird flu has been transmitted only from animals to human beings--in other words, human-to-human transmission hasn't occurred. And, considering the way human beings and animals live cheek by jowl in the Asian countryside, human cases have been very rare: a few dozen reported ill and about 20 deaths. Vietnam has been hardest hit, with more than 14 of those deaths.
In Thanh Khuong, a village of 1,400 families and 6,400 inhabitants, everybody knows about the H5N1 virus. On Saturday, Feb. 7, at high noon, Nguyen Hong Phong, the mayor--in Vietnam, they call him chairman of the people's committee--is waiting for the provincial veterinarians.
"The day before yesterday," he says, "30 ducks at one farm suddenly died. We dug a hole three meters deep, and this afternoon, we're going to bury another 126 ducks according to the security measures we've been given: lime around the hole, gasoline to burn the birds, and then a second layer layer of lime."
They were to wear gloves, boot coverings, protective suits, and face masks. The villagers were also going to bury the remains of two more duck-raising operations that were contaminated in recent days, or about 500 fowl in all, the deputy mayor adds. Millions of fowl have been put down in Vietnam since the epidemic was declared there in mid-January. The World Health Organization's directive, calling for all fowl to be destroyed in a radius of three kilometers of an infected site, was adopted. Last week, the government banned the shipment and sale of fowl.
The village of Thanh Khuong has five hamlets, of which three have been stricken by the bird flu. Around 50 families in these three hamlets were engaged in commercial raising of chickens or ducks. Mayor Phong sys that of these, 19 family operations are left, with around 4,000 birds that so far haven't been contaminated. "Other villages in this area have been lucky, because they're a good distance away from us," says Phong.
The mayor calculates that, since the economic reforms of the the late 1980s, the standard of living has nearly tripled in Thanh Khuong. At present, the village's annula per-capita income is around 4 million dong [US$263] compared with 1 million dong a decade ago. Fully 98 percent of the village's households have a television and 25 percent a motorbike, the mayor claims. The community center even has a new wing with a meeting room.
But then the chickens in Thanh Khuong began to die.
Compensation for the affected farmers will probably be modest. For the loss of a chicken weighing more than 1.5 kilograms the Vietnamese authorities will pay 12,000 dong [about 78 US cents]--less than half the market price of 25,000-28,000 dong before the crisis.
The World Health Organization has insisted that compensation be generous enough to encourage farmers to destroy their contaminated birds. But the Vietnamese government's means are limited, and the epidemic stretches from the north of the country to the south.
The vocabulary for these TOEFL exercises comes from the United Nations agency, UNIFEM. This is the United Nations Development Fund for Women. This agency promotes issues of justice, health, and security for women. These exercises draw upon web-based materials concerning gender and HIV/AIDS concerns in Vietnam. You may read these and related materials at http://www.unifem-eseasia.org.
1. The first case of HIV infection in Vietnam was detected in 1990.
a. enforced
b. threatened
c. discovered
d. prevented
2. As of September 2000, there have been 24,151 reported cases of HIV in Vietnam, with some 3,903 infections developing into AIDS.
a. known infections
b. treated people
c. treated patients
d. police reports
3. In some southern provinces of Vietnam, the rate of infection among women has reached nearly a 50% proportion.
a. correction
b. share of the total
c. portion
d. percentile
4. Vulnerability to infection is influenced by a range of factors, including a person’s sexual history, ability to protect oneself, health knowledge, access to health care, cultural norms, laws, social practices, and beliefs.
a. variables
b. issues
c. spectrum
d. forces
5. Taking a risk is not the same as “being vulnerable,” for it means the level of probability that a person will acquire an HIV infection.
a. Reason
b. Sensibility
c. Behavior
d. Likelihood
6. HIV risk reduction strategies refer to measures designed to address immediate risk-taking action and other personal and social factors.
a reasonable approaches
b. approaches
c. methodologies
d. pedagogies
7. Women are biologically more vulnerable than men to HIV infections and other sexually transmitted diseases.
a. transnational
b. transitional
c. spread
d. spaced
8. Women are two to four times more likely to become infected with the HIV virus.
a. infectious agent
b. fear
c. slime
d. venom
9. In terms of virus infection, women in the Mekong region are often caught in the paradox of “low-risk behavior” and “high vulnerability” since it is married women in monogamous relationships that are increasingly vulnerable due to the high-risk behavior of their husbands.
a. self-contradiction … single-partner
b. problem … faithful
c. puzzle … celebate
d. choice … playful
10. Moreover, women are more vulnerable to infection than men since untreated STD (sexually transmitted diseases) occur in areas of infection that are likely hidden.
a. unnoticed
b. secret
c. forbidden
d. discovered
11. If social norms dictate that women are expected to have one lifetime partner, whereas men are encouraged to have more, then such a double standard puts women in an even more vulnerable position.
a. deterministic
b. sayings
c. detonate
d. prescribe
12. Studies throughout Asia and Africa demonstrate that many married women contract the HIV virus from their one and only sex partner, their husband.
a. show by example
b. prove
c. discern
d. divine
13. The high social value placed on virginity among unmarried girls and women can also lead to parents and community members ensuring that this group is kept ignorant about STD.
a. females
b. females who are unmarried
c. girls
d. women
14. An emphasis on “innocence” can prevent young women from seeking information about services related to sexual matters.
a. cleaning
b. virginity
c. control
d. naiveté
15. Additionally, there is the issue of economic vulnerability, for sometimes a woman’s engagement in sex is not a matter of choice, but rather one of economic survival.
a. necessity
b. relationship
c. success
d. marriage
16. Due to economic imbalances, men may sometimes exercise power over women in terms of sexual relations.
a. loss of balance
b. blockage
c. belief systems
d. injustices
17. One of the major factors in the spread of HIV throughout East and Southeast Asia is the mobility of its people.
a. basis of … regional
b. fluid movement … regional
c. globalization of East and Southeast Asian
d. regionalization … East and Southeast Asian
18. Poverty can limit a woman’s choices, and in turn her ability to protect against the risk of HIV infection.
a. cause
b. political strength
c. power or capacity
d. empowerment
19. Laos is fast becoming a hub of land transportation for the Greater Mekong Sub-region, and with newly built roads linking China to Vietnam, there are now open channels of communication and travel, and thus an enormous potential for the spread of HIV via carriers such as construction workers, truck drivers, and businessmen.
a. waterways
b. canals
c. river systems
d. paths
20. This increased commercial traffic along the Mekong, combined with social norms and gender disparity, means that girls and women are vulnerable to an international flow of infection.
a. boat
b. land
c. business
d. cultural
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